H1N1 | German Center for Infection Research

Short description

H1N1 is a subtype of influenza A viruses that can cause influenza (flu) in humans.

Synonyms

Influenza A virus H1N1

Detailed description

Influenza A viruses carry two important proteins on their surface: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Depending on which variants of these proteins a virus possesses, it is classified into a specific subtype. The designation H1N1 refers to the H1 hemagglutinin subtype and the N1 neuraminidase subtype.

H1N1 viruses have played a role in several major flu outbreaks. Viruses of this subtype caused both the 1918 flu pandemic (“Spanish flu”) and the 2009 pandemic, which was often referred to as “swine flu.” However, these were different viruses, both of which belonged to the H1N1 subtype. Today, H1N1 viruses circulate among humans as seasonal influenza viruses. Influenza A viruses also occur in various animal species, particularly in wild waterfowl.

Feb 2026

Thorax

Single-cell mapping reveals CXCL11 as a driver of mucus production and inflammation in influenza A virus exacerbation in COPD

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Melo-Narvaez MC et al.

Jan 2026

Immunity

Pre-existing neutralizing antibodies against cattle-transmitted influenza A virus H5N1 are detectable in unexposed individuals

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Daniel K et al.

European Vaccines Hub Annual Meeting 2026

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Dam S et al.

Apr 2025

Nat Commun

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Broich L et al.

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Protein turnover regulation is critical for influenza A virus infection

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Huang Y et al.